Як ринок землі зробить Україну багатшою? Мораторій на продаж землі – зло | Ціна держави

Як ринок землі зробить Україну багатшою? Мораторій на продаж землі – зло | Ціна держави

Everything will be bought by oligarchs and big companies, evil uncles will buy the whole Earth Soros will come to Ukrainian lands and buy everything Only because he is George Soros, Chinese investors, becoming owners, will settle the territory and Ukraine will be

Sold, such myths and fears about the land market are circulating among the people, but what actually prevents them from doing liberalized the land market and how to turn land into a burden for peasants by depriving them of the opportunity to earn on it. Land reform has not given

Ukrainians peace for 30 years, and attempts to introduce a free market have become a stumbling block between peasants, agribusiness, politicians and other interested parties. Who benefits from the gray market and regulations? history and find out how it all began, in this video we will tell you what damage

The moratorium on the sale of land caused to Ukrainians, how many millions died without using their right to dispose of private property, and what prospects are opening up for our country due to the abolition of all barriers, as well as how

The Earth can become the driver for the post-war recovery of Ukraine the price of the state and the last capitalist are launching a joint systemic educational project based on the school of the last capitalist, we and our friends from the last capitalist are launching a new course Ukrainian economy National Bank

Has raised the rate of the Ministry of Finance there is not enough money for the budget in the budget a huge deficit of agrarians started on Well but not can sell the crop gas prices for the population Untouched often we hear such news and what they actually mean what is that

GDP in the end and why is it growing how Ukraine was affected by world And not only world crises Why are such important institutions and foreign investments only and a small part of the course that we can put in a commercial, because

The Ukrainian economy course consists of 10 modules and 15 lectures that will give you a comprehensive idea of ​​the work of the Ukrainian economy. The course starts on March 25. Register in time. Links in the description. In the 18th-1st centuries, the land brought high

Rents it allowed the owners to get castles and huge estates. Land itself was then the most valuable capital in tsarist Russia. The most expensive land was in Ukraine. The construction of the railway in 1900 increased the value of land, which is a classic advantage of transport investments in agrarian

Countries, according to the graph that shows the dependence of the value of land on the distance to railway, it is clear that in Ukraine the prices fluctuated between 100-150 rubles per tithe, in those days a cow could be purchased for 3-5 rubles, i.e. 1 hectare of land

Cost the same as 30-50 cows; nowadays, for 1 hectare of land, you can buy two or three cows, at the beginning of the 10th century, the Bolsheviks led by Lenin came to power immediately after the revolution in 1917, they issued the first

Legislative act of Soviet Russia, the Decree on Land, which effectively abolished the right to private property and meant the transfer of land to the use of the workers, the landowners lost it completely without compensation, the decree also prohibited any market transactions with land, sale, lease and pledge,

All land was declared national property, that is, it became the exclusive property of the state, which meant its full nationalization. Then it was established who exactly will use the land, the main forms of land use became state farms , Soviet farms are enterprises that are completely state-owned and collective farms

, collective farms, formally voluntary associations of citizens, which were joined with all property, in particular with land, after the collapse of the Soviet Union and gaining independence, Ukraine took a course to develop a market economy, for which it was essential to create an institute of private property, so

A land reform was initiated, which was supposed to completely change the land the system of the country was formed during the time of Soviet power. When in fact there was only state ownership of land in March 1991, at the first stage of the privatization reform, the land that was legally owned by

The state farms was denationalized, the land was transferred to collective ownership of agricultural enterprises, newly created collective economic entities appeared KSP agricultural enterprises, this ensured the gradual transition of land from state ownership to private ownership. In January 1993, 99.5% of over 11,000 KSPs received collective ownership of 27.6 million hectares of agricultural land.

In the fall of 1994, the land transfered into the collective ownership of KSPs began to be divided among their members, such land was divided into shares, land shares were issued to members of enterprises, certificates were issued guaranteeing ownership of these shares and free exit from the enterprise with their shares. the land

Will be unsoldered and, if necessary, allocated already with the status of private property by the end of 1999, the initial stage of land reform was completed, more than 6 million rural residents received such certificates, a new stage of land reform began at the end of

1999 with the reform of previously created KSPs It was a form of agrarian entrepreneurship, but it remained too similar to a collective farm, in order to meet the requirements of the free land market, they were formally reformatted into economic structures on the basis of private ownership, the turning point for reforming

Land relations was the adoption of the Land Code of Ukraine in October 2001, along with which a number of restrictions were introduced, including a moratorium on the purchase of agricultural land, a ban deprived the owners of shares of the opportunity to buy and sell their plots, allowing

Only to rent them out, exchange them for another plot of land or leave the Share to their descendants as an inheritance, the limitation of ownership applied to 38.5 million hectares of agricultural land or 66% of the entire territory of Ukraine, almost 7 million citizens of Ukraine or 16% of the entire

Population were unable to dispose of their private property. The European Court of Human Rights recognized this moratorium as a violation of property rights, despite the ban on the sale of land, the unofficial trade in land plots, accompanied by large-scale abuses, actively flourished. Those who really wanted

To find non-transparent ways of alienating land and changing ownership the government stated that the moratorium is a temporary solution. Later, legislation was to be developed that would contribute to the formation of a land market with adequate prices. In 2007, a long-term lease

Was added to the usual lease, the maximum term of which was 49 years. The right to use someone else’s land for agricultural purposes is long time Emphitevsis resembles full-fledged ownership of land, although technically it is a lease, companies began to offer peasants to owners of land

Plots to sign emphytevsis contracts for longer terms than ordinary leases, this form has become a kind of panacea for agricultural holdings from the moratorium, especially when it comes to a long-term investment project, for example, according to such a scheme Myronivskyi Hliboprodukt began to build a biogas plant. It was introduced as a temporary

Measure. The moratorium was extended and extended several times until 2016. The cancellation of the moratorium was postponed seven times in 2004 . from consideration, then it was changed and postponed again in 2015, the effect was extended until 2018, and finally until January 1, 2019, despite the pressure of

International organizations and the export environment regarding the need to introduce a free market in the Verkhovna Rada. The majority of deputies were in favor of the moratorium, although the trend in votes decreased every year the issue was so politicized that

An unreasonable and balanced discussion took place in the parliament regarding the land reform, if in 2015 the moratorium was supported by 309 deputies, then in 2018 the opponents of the sale of land managed to secure 231 votes in order to understand how large-scale the moratorium is,

Let’s figure out how much land is subject to it and what number of citizens does this apply to? almost 71% of the territory of Ukraine is occupied by agricultural land of 33 million hectares – this is significantly more than 18 million hectares in

France or 12 in Germany and 11 in Poland. Ukraine also has 1/3 of the world’s most fertile chernozems. the reform is the longest in the world and paralyzed the market for 41 million hectares, 96% of all agricultural land in Ukraine, of which

68% are under moratorium land, these are land shares that are in private ownership. Regarding the number of landowners affected by the moratorium, only the owners of shares are 6.9 million and this is 16.2% of the permanent population of Ukraine, the vast majority of such owners

1.6 million or 23% of owners of shares of retirement age live in rural areas who were unable to cultivate the land on their own. They live in poverty due to the inability to profitably rent out, sell or mortgage their own shares. Another 1

Million share owners have already died without having time to use their property. leaving no heirs or the heirs were unable to issue ownership rights due to the expensive inheritance procedure, only 1.7 million UAH of privately owned agricultural lands are not subject to the moratorium

, for example, the introduction of subsidiary peasant farms of individual gardening and part of the land for personal peasant farms that was issued in within the framework of free privatization, and it was not previously unsoldered, multiple moratoriums on the sale and use

Of land were prohibited from being legally sold, changing the intended purpose, i.e. land could not be transferred from agricultural to industrial land, transfer rights to a land share to the authorized capital of economic companies, transfer it as a pledge, i.e. in any way to alienate agricultural land, the only

Available forms of introducing land relations are lease, equivalent exchange for another land plot, inheritance, such restrictions violate the constitutional rights of landowners, namely Articles 14, 21, 22 and 41 of the Constitution of Ukraine, and do not allow them to dispose of their property at their discretion,

In addition, the Land Code of Ukraine deprived local communities of the right to dispose of 10.5 million hectares of state- owned land outside their settlements and transferred such lands to management at the regional level. After 10 years, centralized disposal of state agricultural lands

Outside settlements was transferred to the State Land Agency of Ukraine, according to the state geocadaster from July 2015 to June 2017, more than 3 million transactions were carried out in Ukraine regarding agricultural land plots with a change of owner or user, lease transactions dominated, i.e. more than

76%. more than 18% of agricultural lands were inherited through mine transactions and donations during this period, 1.6% of land owners changed in terms of sales, so the total number of sales transactions was 3.1%. almost no agricultural land was transferred as a pledge, therefore the mortgage

Took only , out of all transactions, the transfer of land outside settlements under the vertical of the state geocadaster combined with the right of Ukrainian citizens to free privatization led to the non-transparent use of state agricultural land, it caused corruption, loss of local budget revenues and in general ineffective use

Of land resources, according to the data of the State Service of Ukraine for Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre, for 2020, only 750,000 hectares of agricultural land remained in state ownership, and during the inventory in the documents

Of the department, it was not possible to find another 5 million acres of land out of 96% of agricultural land falling under under the moratorium, the largest amount, namely 68%, is owned by shareholders who mainly rent it out, the size of the rental rates is determined by the profitability of agriculture, which primarily

Depends on the yield, the cost of renting agricultural land in Ukraine and the countries of the European Union differs in countries such as the Netherlands Denmark, Belgium, land is more expensive, but the yield is significantly higher in the Netherlands, for example, they receive almost 8 tons of

Grain per hectare in Ukraine, while in 2021 they had 5.5 tons from 1 hectare of sowing, the average annual rental price in the countries of the European Union is €199 per hectare, the largest rental is 1 hectare ili costs in the Netherlands €843 per hectare in 2022

In Denmark €561 Greece- €486 per hectare the lowest prices for renting agricultural land in 2022 were in Slovakia, Croatia and Malta before the launch of the market nominal and real price for renting agricultural land in in Ukraine were in the range of UAH 2,500-2,600 per hectare after the partial

Opening of the land market, nominal prices rose to UAH 3,000 per hectare in July 2022, the rental price stabilized at the level of UAH 33,500 or from 80 to 93 per hectare, that is, our rental price is ahead the lowest indicators in Europe and exceed the average prices, the owner of land in

Slovakia for renting 1 g receives an average of 77 euros per hectare, respectively, land is leased and cultivated by tenants who rent land from individual owners, experts of the Kyiv School of Economics, based on the data of the state geocadastre, calculated that only about 29% farms work

On their own land quite a small number of owners lack access to capital, the ability to work on the land or are employed in other sectors of the economy, in addition, there are restrictions on the rental market, according to which it is impossible to legally lease agricultural land for less than 7 years,

Land ownership is very fragmented, i.e. access to their own plots located 5-10 km from the house within the landmass becomes difficult, this situation did not allow most owners to cultivate their share by themselves, and another reason for low rental rates is associated with significant losses on

The conclusion and renegotiation of lease agreements and with a weak the protection of rights, the benefit of the land, the low cost of renting agricultural land is a direct consequence of the lack of access to capital, the moratorium on the sale of land and the fragmentation of land ownership, on average,

35% of the production of agricultural products is created by the land itself, and the rest by such factors as fertilizers, labor, economic rent is distributed among the owners of land plots and the state, if the markets of production factors worked normally, the value of the brand would reach

$455 per hectare, the potential value is several times lower than today, the opening of the land market in Ukraine was accompanied by the development and adoption of a package of laws on land reform for the period from 2019 to 21 to support the effective and transparent functioning of the market

Agricultural land, this package of laws was aimed at preventing land raiding, decentralizing land management and transferring it from the central government to local communities, creating a national infrastructure from geocadastral data, creating institutions to support small farmers and expanding their ability to compete for land, for example, launching

A state agrarian register and a partial fund guaranteeing loans in agriculture On March 31, 2020, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine adopted a law that finally imposed a moratorium on the sale of agricultural land, the land market officially opened later on July 1, 2021,

Due to fierce resistance, the reform turned out to be much less comprehensive than it could have been and was adopted with numerous restrictions within 2 years, only natural persons who are citizens of Ukraine are allowed to buy land plots with a limit

Of the maximum area per person to 100 hectares from January 1, 2020, in addition to natural persons who have acquired the right of ownership of agricultural land plots, legal entities must be created and territorial communities and the state registered under the legislation of Ukraine, the participants of which are only citizens of Ukraine,

It is important that the limit of accumulation of agricultural land per beneficiary has been increased from 100 hectares to 10,000 hectares per person due to the established limit on the area of ​​the land bank to organize a group of companies and each owner of which owns the maximum land bank will not work;

The owner’s share in the company is calculated in the general calculation, that is, if the owner has a share of 20% of the shares in the company, then, accordingly, his plot of land is 2000 hectares, calculations related to the purchase of agricultural land are carried out in

A non-cash form in relation to the sale price, the legislation does not establish the price limit is a matter of agreement between the seller and the seller, but until 2030, the sale price of agricultural land plots cannot be lower than their normative monetary value, the state and communal land are currently not

Sold at all, and citizens of other countries will be able to buy land if the decision is made at a nationwide referendum But while this is an unpopular decision among the people, only 15% of Ukrainians would vote for it, 79% against such an initiative,

The first stage of opening the market for the sale of agricultural land began in July 2021 in a very limited format . 20% agricultural Ukraine’s lands were occupied, almost a third of agriculture was destroyed, and agricultural producers suffered economic losses

For the second year in a row, with all that, the first assessments of the reform are quite optimistic and it is expected that further liberalization will contribute to the development of Ukraine’s agriculture. World Bank experts have estimated that the functioning of the land market will bring us from 0 .5 to

1.6% of GDP every year, and millions of Ukrainians who at one time received land shares in ownership will be able to fully dispose of their property if the land market shows its viability, then we can expect a decrease in the level of corruption and

Risks in the land sector. And this is a factor in the development and attraction of investments in agribusiness during the first 12 months of the granting of the right to sell land, 88,000 transactions were registered for a total of UAH 7 billion. It is positive that banks

Have already begun to consider land plots as Collateral for new loans within two years of the moratorium being lifted due to the presence of a legal land market in Ukraine, an additional collateral appeared, estimated at 1 billion dollars, which happened as a result of a 10% increase in the value of land. at

Current prices for agricultural land, the total market value is approximately $35.5 billion, this could potentially translate into an additional $12.4 billion in loans, which is more than the $3.5 billion farmers currently owe to banks for land sales, so for the period from July 2021 to the end of 2023, a total of

195,929 purchase and sale agreements were concluded with a total area of ​​432,200 hectares, people continue to sell and buy land, the demand for agricultural land in Ukraine is growing even in war conditions, the motivation to buy now so as not to pay extra when the market becomes popular among legal

People, if you look at the territorial activity, then as of the end of January 2024, according to the data of the monitoring of land relations of the state geocadastre, the largest number of transactions on land plots for agricultural purposes were carried out in Vinnytsia, Khmelnytskyi,

Kyiv and Poltava regions by area, the most land was alienated in Kharkiv, Dnipropetrovsk and Poltava regions in terms of price. That is the average value for 1 hectare is UAH 387,782, but prices vary. Depending on the region, the experts of the Food and

Land Use Research Center calculated the weighted average cost by region, which reflects adequate prices, where larger plots receive more weight when calculating the average price per hectare of 1% of the most expensive and 1% of the cheapest plots is not

Taken into account in the calculation, the weighted average price of buying and selling an agricultural plot in Ukraine is UAH 30,6096 per hectare, the most expensive agricultural land in the Kyiv region here costs 52,612 UAH per hectare, Lviv Region is far behind, UAH 49,702 per hectare, Ternopil and Ivano-Frankivsk land on average

Costs a little more than UAH 42,000 in the Mykolaiv, Vinnytsia, and Poltava regions, the weighted average price is within UAH 35-40,000 per hectare in the Zaporozhye and Volyn regions, the cheapest prices are less than UAH 25,000 per

Hectare, despite restrictions and difficult conditions in the country, there is a demand for land and the price does not stand still in In January 2024, 51.8 million agricultural land transactions were concluded. A significant part of them, 25.7 million related to leases, and another 17,4000

Land inheritance contracts, contracts for the purchase and sale of land plots are in third place, 6.1000 were concluded, the total area of ​​leased land was 64.2 hectares. While the area of ​​land sold was 4.6 times smaller, 14,000 hectares, in addition, during January 2024, 36 cases of

Mortgage transfer of agricultural plots with a total area of ​​81 hectares were recorded. increased by a total of 24% to UAH 9.3 per hectare compared to the price of UAH 7,500 per hectare in December 2023. The weighted average rental price for 1

Hectare for the entire period of land auctions on the prozoro sales platform is UAH 8.8,000. At the weighted average at a starting price of UAH 9.4,000 per hectare in Europe, it now has a leading position in terms of price

1 hectare of agricultural land is occupied by Malta for more than 233,000 euros, in second place is Greece, with 98.4,000 euros, and in third place are lands on the Canary Islands, Spain, where 1 hectare in 2022 cost an average of 83.3 thousand euros. In neighboring Poland, land

Costs 12.6 euros, which is four times more than in our most expensive Lviv region, the cheapest European agricultural land in the northernmost region of Sweden, which is part of Lapland, and even here it costs more than in Ukraine before the opening of the land market, was 2,000 euros

Free land market. a very individual matter for each state, for example, in the countries of Western and Northern Europe, private property has existed for centuries, is more traditional and, with a few exceptions, is already fully formed. So how did land reform take place in post-Soviet countries that had

A similar problem of reproduction of private property as in Ukraine, which arose as a result of socialist of the communist past, Poland is one of the most successful examples, the vast majority of land in the country was not nationalized during the entire period after the Second World

War, in the 1990s, private farmers and individual farms owned about 78% of arable land, so only a fifth of the state’s arable land was subject to large collective farms privatization, which was carried out through the agricultural real estate agency, from the beginning of the process until 2004,

1,479 hectares of land were redistributed the land market in Poland functions freely and is attractive for investment on average the size of land plots on which agreements are concluded reaches 300-400,000 hectares during the year of agreements between private owners account for about 80% of transactions on the market; private owners

Are able to dispose of land absolutely freely; buy, sell, and sell land at household and market prices; give, inherit; market subjects are private farmers; individuals and legal entities; after Poland’s accession to the European Union in 2004, it was introduced moratorium on the sale of land

To foreigners for a period of 12 years, certain restrictions exist in the form of state control, yes, the Act on the Organization of the Agrarian System of January 16, 2003 determined that an individual farmer must be the owner or owner of a

Plot of land with an area of ​​no more than 300 hectares, manage the farm personally and have the appropriate education and qualification, the court of the European Union recognizes the presence of a specific qualification requirement for the purchase of land as a disproportionate

Restriction of the free movement of capital, because in none of the member states of the European Union, in fact, a farmer is not a regulated profession in the sense that it requires a certain qualification. Against this background, a specific professional requirement requires a special justification in national legislation through

The free market, as well as with the help of the state support program and the Act on the Organization of Agrarian Policy, small Polish farmers have the opportunity to purchase or lease land plots for the expansion of their farms. In this way, land was consolidated in the Western and Northern

Parts of the country. to a farmer in Poland is not very widespread most often private owners or are producers of products or rent out small plots of land on average 3 ha on short-term lease conditions on average about 2% of farmers work on

Leased land and 14% simultaneously on their own and partially leased land balanced policy led to the fact that about 2 million hectares of land are cultivated by private farms that own land plots with an area of ​​100 to 400 hectares in Estonia, the transition to new forms of

Ownership and management began with the aim of restoring historical justice and returning the right of ownership to those who owned land before 1940. It was carried out. extremely difficult, the state received many applications and claims, as a result of which the rights to a large number of land

Plots were not settled and remained in state ownership or were later put up for free sale through shares, the first land plots were transferred to private ownership in the period from 1992 to 1993, starting from introduction of the state cadastre and registration in 1993, the process became regular and

The largest part of the returned lands was registered in the period from 1995 to 2003. the lands in different forms of ownership are formally the object of free market circulation and can be sold, bought, bequeathed, donated and alienated in other ways. According to

The agreement and at the market price due to incomplete privatization and uncertainty regarding all land, lease relations in Estonia have gained popularity, about 60% are leased by producers of agricultural products, in 1995, a law came into force that allowed foreign individuals and legal

Entities to participate in operations and with land, provided that it must be used for agricultural purposes for five years, for citizens of other countries, the state controls the use of plots with an area of ​​more than 10 ha. And small plots were freely sold and are sold to anyone who wants to. Independence

From citizenship, officials and civil servants positively characterize the access of foreigners to the land market, according to open data, only 5% of plots belong to foreigners at the same time This contributes to the significant growth of investments from

The point of view of legislation in the state, there are no restrictions on the size of the minimum or maximum land plot subject to purchase, sale, donation or inheritance, the market in this sense functions freely, but traditionally medium-sized Estonian farms are small plots of

200-300 ha they are the predominant basis of agriculture in the state , in addition, despite the open questions regarding unsettled rights or the non-use of certain lands, this information and information from the land cadastre are in public access and can be easily obtained. Thus, the state

Tries to promote the development of the transparency market and inform the public about all the events of land [music] the reform of relations in Lithuania took place in accordance with the law on land reform of 1991, which provided for two ways

Of acquiring land into private ownership, the first is the restoration of the historical right of ownership and the second is the purchase of a plot of land, former owners and their heirs had a preferential right to receive their property or appropriate

Compensation A all other plots and property of collective farms and cooperatives were divided between their participants, small farms became the main form of management, it was determined that natural persons, farmers and legal persons, producers of agricultural products, can freely buy and sell land, while

Receiving state assistance in the form of benefits or preferential conditions for certain loans groups of people, for example, young farmers, people with special education, etc., have the first right to acquire land plots after joining the European Union, foreign citizens and legal entities

Have the same rights to purchase land, water and forests as Lithuanians, the maximum size of plots for individuals is no more than 300 hectares of legal ownership of no more than 2,000 hectares of land for agricultural purposes were at some points excluded from circulation operations But after joining the European Union,

The rights of residents and non-residents were equalized despite all the prerequisites for market development and the possibility of investments, the agrarian situation in the country is rather difficult to consider successful, the world crisis is significant hit the economy, the production of agricultural products and sales issues became more difficult, reality shows

The opposite situation, the agrarian sector in the country is declining, farmers complain about difficult socio-economic conditions, the biggest problem of the market is the lack of demand and ways to sell finished products, difficult production conditions, relatively low productivity and fertility of land, and difficulties in associated with its processing, expensive

Equipment and equipment resources, all this makes Lithuanian products expensive and uncompetitive in Latvia, all land resources were transferred to private ownership on the basis of the mechanism of the RE institution, all operations from July 21, 1940 were recognized as invalid, the main aspects of the reform became

Thoughtfulness, purposefulness and an attempt to restore historical justice, the law on land reform implemented a planned gradual process of denationalization of state property, operations of transfer of land rights, purchase, sale, alienation, donation, inheritance, agreed with local by the registration authorities and recorded in the land books or registered in

The land cadastre any restrictions on the size of the land to be transferred have been eliminated the price of the land plot is set no lower than the cadastral assessment of the land value special restrictions on the number of lands that can be

The object of a purchase, sale and lease transaction in the state, not everyone who wants to get the right to own land, and leasing is practiced mainly for non- production purposes, the land market in Latvia functions freely, although the country is not an agrarian state, active urbanization and migration, including abroad, a high

Concentration of population in Riga and cities is the basis for a large offer of land because of this, as well as the legal opportunity for foreigners to participate in operations, the land market is an investment opportunity, the largest owner of agricultural land, about 19,000 hectares, is the company Myrtilus, which

Is controlled by the Swedish company bergvik scock, in general through this and other legal entities bergvikock controls 60,000 hectares of Latvian land holdings, the second largest in size, the owner of agricultural land of 12,000 hectares is the foreign Real Estate company belonging to the Swedish company spp Le for

Sarking and the Norwegian Star Brand lives for cycling in the third place 5500 hectares the etroom company belonging to the phenomer Corporation registered in the United States of America Latvia with landowners occupy only the eighth and ninth place according to experts among the 25 companies that control the largest

Agricultural holdings in Latvia only 10 nominally belong to Latvian owners in Hungary privatization was also based on the right to restore the historical owners, but the transfer of land was limited to 3 ha, legal entities and foreigners did not have the right to acquire land as

A result of these transformations, 6 million hectares were transferred to private ownership and the average size of a plot of land owned by a private owner is only 2.2 hectares, despite the formal liberalization of land circulation and the possibility of selling land on free terms, the state still actively regulates private property

For land and its use, the land bank and the land fund operating in the state provide long-term loans from five years and buy plots of land from citizens who do not want to engage in agricultural activities. Demand and supply in Hungary depends on such factors as the location of the plot,

The type and quality of the soil, which differs significantly in different areas of the country, even with a free agreement between two private owners, the price may be insignificant due to subjective factors, the sellers are mainly elderly people who encounter difficulties in using land due to the lack of

Heirs, the motives for selling are material, expensive resources, lack of sales areas, it is very difficult to sell a small plot of land such lands are sold for a very long time and at a low price. At the same time, the buyers are often speculators

Who are looking for land near large cities. Land ownership in Hungary is in circulation, although it is difficult to call relations absolutely free and market-oriented because of active intervention by the state , or has private property and a land market been formed in Moldova, a significant

Amount of agricultural land in Moldova is in private ownership, out of 1.7 million hectares, only 40,000 GAI are owned by the state , mainly state scientific research farms. unfairly, the land fund was significantly fragmented and the best lands were transferred to

Interested parties. How did the land reform take place? The process of land privatization in Moldova began in 1991 and was fully completed by 1998. The initial steps of transferring property rights to people were to consist of two stages. The first special commission was to determine the land shares in hectares for

Each landholder and the second provision of land to all those willing to leave collective farms or agricultural state institutions, however, in reality the second stage preceded the first due to the desire of farming organizations to reduce aggregate costs through the formal distribution of land among participants and the absence of legal

Barriers to leaving collective farms details of the process distribution of land and property shares, the methodology for the delimitation of plots and the rational use of land protection were developed only a few years later, although some relevant aspects still remain uncoordinated, the land market in Moldova, including the market for

Agricultural land, is freely functioning and regulated by the national agency of land relations and cadastre at the state level and regional cadastral bodies by city halls and municipalities at the local level in accordance with Law No. 1308 on the regulatory price and procedure for the purchase

And sale of land dated October 17, 2008. What are the features of the circulation and use of land ? certified contracts and the purchase and sale of jointly owned lands through the agency of land relations and cadastre,

An important aspect is the provision on the formation of the price of land for purchase and sale, the legislation introduces the concept of a normative price based on cadastral characteristics and assessments provided by the territorial cadastre, these data are used for pricing in the process of buying and selling lands that

Are in public ownership and as a basis for the price in transactions between individuals and/or legal entities, the circulation of land functions absolutely freely and there are no restrictions on the maximum number of lands that can be owned.

The main limitation of the land market is the prohibition of the transfer of ownership rights on land to foreign citizens through purchase and sale operations, at the same time , despite the formal prohibition of foreigners to participate in purchase and sale relations, many foreign individuals and legal entities have access to land ownership

Due to widespread dual citizenship, the right to inheritance, registration of rights on other subjects and other manipulations the possibility of legalizing the access of foreigners to the land market is being discussed, as this will contribute to the establishment of an adequate market price, but it remains at the level of debate, what is

Actually happening, the realities of the land market in Moldova are not easy, despite the fact that the purchase and sale of land, including agricultural land, is free. There are several issues that hinder effective functioning of market mechanisms, among them the following can be highlighted: first, inadequate price,

The price per hectare is in the range from 4x to 40,000 lei, i.e. from 225 to 2250 lei, but it does not correspond to supply and demand, such distortion and lack of objective assessment is caused by inefficient distribution and the unsuccessful demarcation of lands, as a result of which

The owners set free prices, the decline of the village due to significant urbanization and migration processes, the outflow of young people and unevenly distributed farms, many lands remain abandoned and abandoned, not everyone has the opportunity to maintain farms in economically attractive conditions, and therefore, in dozens of

Districts, the demand does not correspond to the supply in some, on the contrary, will exceed several times the degradation and depletion of soils due to careless use of land and non- compliance with the norms of crop production, the lack of long-term strategies

For the support and development of land resources, the impossibility of using effective mineral fertilizers, the quality of land in Moldova has deteriorated significantly in recent years, leasing, which is still the predominant form of land relations and the livelihood of rural residents is facilitated by the fact that tenants are not interested in

Investing and try to get maximum productivity without caring about the rational use and protection of land, therefore, despite the existence and legitimacy of the land market in Moldova, its functioning cannot be considered effective and harmonious due to the historical conditions of inadequate land distribution there is an imbalance There are several fairly large

Agricultural enterprises that function according to old traditions and are controlled by production volumes and small farming groups that are going through difficult times, at the same time the old traditional land care systems are destroyed and over time the quality and productivity of the soil significantly deteriorates

The lack of a balanced production strategy and short-term economic solutions do not give optimal results consolidation of fragmented of land plots would allow to increase the number of small and medium-sized agricultural enterprises, to attract significant investments and reduce the outflow of population to cities and

Abroad, the state program of land consolidation is expected to be the next stage of land reform in Moldova , has private ownership and a land market been formed in Georgia, of all agricultural lands in Georgia, the predominant A quantity of more than 930,000 hectares was transferred to private ownership during

1992-98, at the same time, about 40% of arable land still remains in state ownership. And although not all agricultural land in Georgia was transferred to private ownership, the state created adequate mechanisms for registering ownership of use land allotments and successful formal prerequisites for the functioning of the land market, how

The land reform took place, the process of land privatization in Georgia took place in two stages, in the first stage, part of the state land was divided and privatized by already existing households and farms, thus collective farms were reoriented to market activity, in the second stage,

Reserves agricultural land was transferred for the expansion of small households and there were not isolated cases of so-called self-grabbing of land when people simply began to use free plots of land arable land owned by the state was given for long-term

Lease up to 49 years to individuals and legal entities with the aim of creating a market farming sector in addition to moreover, the relevant presidential decree in 1999 significantly simplified the still ineffective procedure for registering land ownership rights. Although up to this point, a large number of individuals and legal entities

Formally owned and used land, the procedure for registering and transferring land rights was opaque, bureaucratic and complicated, and many local officials held back this process due to their own mercantile interests, this process is currently quite simple and inexpensive,

A short application is submitted to the local district administration, documents stating that the land was transferred to the state for ownership and a plot plan, in 2010, the parliament adopted a new law on state property, which thoroughly regulates all issues of related to the use and disposal

Of state-owned property, this law combined all issues, including privatization and transfer for use, the agricultural land market in Georgia was finally liberalized as a result of the 1998-1999 reform and is currently functioning successfully, so the corresponding amendments canceled the previous ones bureaucratic and technical restrictions for this land, for example,

Special requirements from the state when drawing up a purchase and sale agreement, a minimum price below which one could not sell one’s plots and a ban on the sale of agricultural land plots of less than 5 hectares, at the same time,

Long-term leases are very common, which are allowed both in private both owners and the state, in this sense, state land is more attractive because the payment for it is made only in the form of land tax, some are very difficult to cultivate

, etc., the market price is formed on the basis of demand and supply, therefore, some land is given for development and investment for free, some is sold from 40 lav per hectare This is the minimum offer, some of the most fertile for tens of thousands of dollars

Per hectare, the estimated average price of one hectare is from $400 to $700, restrictions on special requirements for the size of land plots that are the object of circulation were removed. At the same time, the problem of the right to own land by foreigners citizens remain in question formally

Foreign citizens cannot buy land But they can receive it as an inheritance or as part of private property in estates with a building in 2010 the government discussed the idea of ​​selling a significant part of agricultural land to farmers from the Republic of South Africa what is

Actually happening in the process of transfer of ownership rights enough land is well regulated The land for sale can be transferred either by direct agreement and a contract of sale or put up for auction abuses are minimized and

The rights of the owners are protected by the relevant laws, of course its implementation cannot be considered ideal but the issue of rights, competences and responsibilities fully prescribed in the legislation, as was mentioned above, a large part of agricultural land is leased,

Land is leased either from the state or from private owners, the terms of lease of state-owned land are more favorable, the lease is carried out for a period of 49 years and at the cost of a regular land tax of one

On the one hand, this situation promotes the development of farming, since those who wish can get a plot of land on favorable terms, on the other hand, it leaves individuals and legal entities without such a source of income as rent for the use of land.

Thus, the land market has all the prerequisites for effective development, but due to favorable lease terms, uneven demand for the land market is at the stage of development and the rapid growth of real estate transactions was noted by experts only in 2012.

Has private property and the land market been formed in Brazil no Brazil has huge land resources for agriculture 415.5 million hectares of arable land, which makes it one of the of the largest agricultural countries in the world, the country is characterized by one of the world’s largest

Concentrations of land ownership in the hands of a few people, according to 1996 statistics, there are about 4.8 million farms in the country that cultivate about 350 million hectares of land, and the amount of land owned by them is impressive about 89% of these farms are small farms

With an area of ​​no more than 100 hectares, and in total they cultivate no more than 20% of the land, about 1% of the number of farms cultivates 45% of all land, the trend of extremely uneven concentration of ownership was formed in

The 1960s and 80s and continued after the fall of the military dictatorship in 1985, all land relations in the state are regulated by the document of 1998, which is called the new rural new agrarian world, which was compiled on the basis of the concept of the World Bank.

Or do not fulfill a social function the new agrarian world provides for decentralization and the transfer of powers to federal governments and the introduction of market practices this document was created on the basis of recommendations and proposals of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund

The limitation of the law does not allow the sale of land plots directly those who wish to create an association agree on the price and details and submit the request for consideration to the local government, this strategy was theoretically aimed at overcoming such an

Acute social problem of the state as the struggle for land and self-grabbing of land, if the government makes a positive decision, the owner of the land receives compensation from state resources and resources of the World Bank, and those willing receive a plot of land, what happens in reality in reality this

Strategy works differently local authorities are very corrupt and bureaucratic and often abuse their powers plots are transferred to interested people and ordinary farmers cannot access buying and selling transactions or very often do not know their rights at all the price at which

Plots are alienated is completely non-market in general in such difficult conditions it is very difficult to determine market prices even in the conditions of inefficient market relations Brazil remains one of the world leaders in agricultural production and exports measures introduced in accordance with the terms of the World Bank and the International

Monetary Fund have significantly reduced subsidies and support for small and medium-sized agricultural producers at the same time, leaving all the advantages to the pro-government giants, the liberalization of imports also affected mainly family farms, leaving them no possibility of competition. Thus,

The Brazilian government used all the opportunities in order to use its agricultural potential more or less productively in the absence of a full-fledged land market and its own social decline. It is quite understandable that almost all post-Soviet countries required and require fairly complex

Bureaucratic procedures for the implementation of a land agreement, the registration and sale of land require a whole series of documentation and a number of bureaucratic steps, there are successful cases of simplifying the procedures for the execution of a land agreement such as

In Georgia and the Baltic countries, which became a strong incentive for activity on the land market in these territories in the Baltic countries, in order to carry out the transaction of purchase and sale of a plot of land, it is necessary to notarize the agreement and make a note in

The land cadastre, no queues of permits and resolutions from control bodies, but a special state a body that is similar to a land bank and requires the primary right to buy and sell land operates, for example, in Hungary and France, which greatly restricts the access of investors to the land market, international

Experience shows that the market circulation of land resources is liberalized everywhere, but the difference lies in the degree of state control over it the market in the post-socialist countries is absolutely free, the land market of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia can be considered almost free in Moldova, Georgia and Poland in these countries

Restrictions on purchase and sale operations are minimized and experts note that the demand for land is gradually increasing nominally the land market has been introduced in Russia and Brazil But in in the first, significant redistribution does not occur due to bureaucracy and the lack of economic incentives for

The population to buy land, and in the second due to the concentration of property in the hands of a small circle of owners in Hungary, where transactions with land are significantly controlled and limited by the state, the market functions inadequately because demand and supply do not correspond to each other, it is important

To understand what specific restrictions on the land market were introduced by each of the countries we considered, the main one among them is the restriction on the sale of land to foreign citizens, it applies everywhere except for the Baltic countries and Brazil for interested residents

Of other countries, there are gaps in the legislation in Moldova, the scheme of fictitious owners of citizens of the country is often used in Georgia, legal a person who owns land can have foreign investments in Poland and Hungary in the founding capital,

These restrictions are temporary And in general, according to the report of the Law Library of Congress, the USA in the world do not limit the right to own land for foreigners, even developed countries such as Belgium, France, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Great Britain Britain, etc. at the same time

China Indonesia Nigeria Philippines and Thailand do not allow foreigners to own land although in some cases exceptions may apply or other rights to land may be acquired the second main limitation of property rights is the maximum and minimum allowable size of a plot of land for one

Person to own one way or another this is a question rose in all countries and had a significant impact on who exactly became a landowner, the degree of land consolidation and forms of management and production, strict restrictions on the maximum size of a plot of land from tens to hundreds of hectares

Were introduced in Moldova, Lithuania and Hungary, restrictions on the average size of 200-400 hectares were established For certain categories of population in Estonia, Latvia, Poland, Russia, Georgia, and then canceled there in Brazil. An attempt was made to divide the huge inefficient latifundia into medium plots. The attempt

Was implemented, but in fact the land remained divided between the new fictitious owners. Another restriction that regulates market activity is the establishment of minimum land prices among the analyzed countries Land cannot be sold cheaper than the cadastral value, but in fact it is only a symbolic lower bar that is used for formal

Registration of the purchase and sale of land, and the market value is almost everywhere higher and the specific price is set based on demand and supply, the price variation for different plots is very large depending on the location of the introduction of communications and

The fertility of the land in almost every country, the upper bar for interesting plots reaches 10-20,000 do$v per hectare, while the average prices vary from 400 to several thousand dollars per hectare, also in all countries there are plots of demand for which

Are almost absent in general, all states regulate their land relations and introduce restrictions according to their ideas about the functions of the land market, the legislation either focuses on small landowners and farmers, as in Lithuania and Hungary, or on large-scale producers, as in Russia and Brazil, or

Seeks compromise options by regulating only access foreigners, the minimum and maximum size of the plot, the conditions of consolidation of plots, registration requirements and other details of the purchase and sale operation in accordance with local characteristics, the long-awaited reform of the land market in Ukraine was launched on the eve of a full-

Scale war . inhibits the development of the sales market by almost two times, in total, about 120,000 agreements for the purchase and sale of agricultural land with a total area of ​​355,000 hectares are unrealized, which amounts to UAH 12.4 billion in losses from the war, the development

Of the land market is of great importance for attracting financing, which makes it possible to generate more resources and private investments as a result of the war, the agricultural sector of Ukraine constantly suffers a double blow, it limits the sector’s ability to attract credit resources and, in general, lowers its economic

Capacity, on the one hand, due to constant problems with the export of products, as a result of blocking roads, domestic prices have fallen below the cost of production, and Ukrainian agricultural producers have suffered financial losses

For the second year in a row according to the assessment of the Kyiv School of Economics, the economic losses of the agricultural sector amount to 40.9 billion dollars, while farmers in other countries, such as the USA and Germany, in 2022 and 2023 received record

Profits over the past 10 years, Russian aggression has already destroyed assets in the agricultural sector by about 9 billion dollars which is approximately a third of all accumulated capital in the sector, i.e. the amount of potential lending in

The agricultural sector has decreased by a third, the significant deterioration of the financial condition and the destruction of collateral objects significantly undermine the ability of agrarians to attract financial resources to replenish working capital, as for long-term investments, we are not even talking about them it is said, as mentioned earlier,

The value of this land as an asset is estimated at 35.5 billion dollars, and potentially possible loans amount to 12.4 billion dollars, for comparison, at the end of 2023, the amount of bank debt of the agricultural sector of Ukraine was approximately 3.5 billion dollars, more active use of land as pledges will allow

Several times to increase the financing of the agricultural sector and owners of land plots, this is especially important for small agricultural producers who work on their own plots of land and have limited opportunities to attract financial resources for development, it is also important for communities that own

Communal plots of land and can use them to attract financing for development projects in the United States of America, the use of land as collateral for lending to the agricultural sector has become a common practice, the indebtedness of the agricultural sector secured by land real estate is much larger

Than the loans of the sector not related to real estate in Ukraine, this resource will be lost due to the war, financial difficulties and destruction of assets from 2024, the second stage of the opening of the land market began. What allowed legal entities to buy agricultural plots of land is

Additional demand and, accordingly, an increase in liquidity and market capitalization, which makes this resource even more attractive for credit security, the value of land may increase by at least 40% Over the next two years which will create additional potential for credit financing, such a development

Will cover the existing short-term financing needs of the agricultural sector and investments in the restoration and development of improving the quality of land as collateral, will reduce loan rates and increase demand for them, which will contribute to the general

Revival of the market and economic recovery, the case of Ukraine has prepared a report, economic priorities of the post-war recovery, in which we proposed the following recommendations for the post-war period among the areas that we still need to implement in order to achieve full-fledged development:

State and municipal lands must be subject to sale and privatization in accordance with a transparent procedure as Ukraine approaches membership in the European Union market sale of agricultural land must be opened in accordance with the rules of the European Union, chapter four

Free movement of Capital on the free movement of capital, in particular, this concerns the right foreigners, citizens of the European Union and companies to buy land Ukraine should open this market for foreign investors for the development of agriculture and its integration into international markets, the lifting of

The moratorium on the sale of agricultural land is a positive step on the way to market liberalization, restrictions that are in effect should be at the initial stage stages of the reform, but a real breakthrough will occur only when the land market is fully open to both

Residents and non-residents of Ukraine, foreigners should be given the opportunity to buy land, and let this not scare anyone, foreigners have not bought up all the land, neither in France nor in the United States In America, not in Poland or

Other countries of the world, we inherited this fear from the remnants of the times of state farms and collective farms. Politicians constantly promise to attract foreign investors. People say in conversations that we need to attract investors, and Ukrainian land is an attractive asset that will bring foreign

Money to Ukraine. will create new jobs will raise salaries will develop communities etc. in the end it may become one of the drivers of the country’s post – war recovery To Oleg Nivyevskyi , associate professor of the Faculty of Master’s Economic Studies of the Kyiv School

Of Economics and associate researcher of the Center for Food and Land Use Research of the Kyiv School of Economics and to Roman Neuter, researcher of the Center for Food and Land Use Research of the Kyiv School of Economics and a graduate student at Wageningen University, the Netherlands, without them this

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Все скуплять олігархи та великі компанії, злі дядьки скуплять всю землю, Сорос прийде на українські землі та скупить все тільки тому, що він Джордж Сорос, китайські інвестори ставши власниками заселять територію й Україну буде продано – такі міфи та страхи про ринок землі гуляють у народі. Але що насправді заважає зробити земельний ринок ліберальним, щоб селяни могли заробляти?

У цьому відео ми розкажемо яку шкоду наніс українцям мораторій на продаж землі, скільки мільйонів померло, так і не скориставшись своїм правом розпорядження приватною власністю та які перспективи відкриваються перед нашою країною через скасування усіх бар’єрів. А також як земля може стати драйвером для повоєнного відновлення України.

Докладніше про реформи у звіті CASE Україна “Економічні пріоритети для повоєнної України”: https://bit.ly/Economic_priorities_UA

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Ми дякуємо за експертні рекомендації та консультування: Олегу Нів’євському, доценту факультету магістерських економічних студій Київської школи економіки та асоційованому досліднику Центру досліджень продовольства та землекористування Київської школи економіки, та Роману Нейтеру, досліднику Центру досліджень продовольства та землекористування Київської школи економіки та аспіранту Вагенінгенського університету (Нідерланди).

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00:00 Вступ
02:12 Історія українського земельного питання
03:59 Земельна реформа розпаду СРСР
06:12 Запровадження мораторію на продаж землі
09:09 Масштаби шкоди від мораторію на продаж землі
14:03 Вартість оренди землі в ЄС та Україні
17:52 Часткове відкриття ринку землі
21:55 Ціна української землі
26:26 Земельна реформа у пострадянських країнах
26:55 Земельна реформа у Польщі
29:56 Естонія
32:44 Литва
34:49 Латвія
37:10 Угорщина
38:51 Молдова
44:55 Грузія
50:10 Земельна реформа в Бразилії
53:34 Оптимальна модель реформи
58:22 Що дав Україні запуск ринку землі?
01:02:07 Які реформи з ринком землі треба зробити?

#економіка #земля #ринок